“In addition to using what might be called a second-chance meeting to review important decisions in an unbiased light, businesses should also take advantage of other means of introducing constructive contention into their decision-making, because disagreement, managed correctly, turns out to be crucial in avoiding errors. Our research found nine additional ways to introduce disagreement and manage that disagreement so it keeps everyone on their toes without harming the camaraderie of a management team:
- Informal devil’s advocacy
- Escalation systems
- Bets
- Staring into the abyss
- Finding history that fits
- Deciding (ahead of time) how to decide
- Smoothing out management ruts
- Constructing alarm systems
- A formal devil’s advocate review
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